ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia (SH) in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in Brazil. Materials and methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2011 and August 2014 across 10 Brazilian cities. The data were obtained from 1,760 individuals with T1D. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to hypoglycemic events in the previous 4 weeks were evaluated. Results: Of 1,760 individuals evaluated, 1,319 (74.9%) reported at least one episode of hypoglycemia in the previous 4 weeks. The main factors associated with hypoglycemia were lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, better adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and higher education level. Episodes of SH were reported by 251 (19%) individuals who, compared with subjects with nonsevere hypoglycemia, received lower doses of prandial insulin and higher doses of basal insulin, in addition to reporting less frequent use of long-acting basal insulin analogs. The percentage of SH episodes was evenly distributed across all ranges of HbA1c levels, and there were no correlations between the mean number of nonsevere or severe hypoglycemic events and HbA1c values. Higher alcohol consumption and more frequent hospitalizations were independently associated with SH. Conclusion: Although individuals presenting with hypoglycemia had lower HbA1c values than those not presenting hypoglycemia, there were no correlations between the number of nonsevere hypoglycemia or SH and HbA1c values. Also, the frequency of SH was evenly distributed across all ranges of HbA1c values. Better adherence to SMBG and higher education level were associated with hypoglycemia, while alcohol consumption, higher doses of basal insulin, and more frequent hospitalizations in the previous year were associated with SH.

ABSTRACT Congenital malformations are more frequently found among children born to mothers with diabetes than in the background population. There are several complex mechanisms involved in the development of congenital malformations in the offspring of mothers with hyperglycemia, such as the overexpression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) 1 and 2, the increased activity of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and the reduced expression of the PAX3 gene with a consequent increase in p53 protein expression. These alterations can lead to increased glucose and free radical concentrations in the embryo, thus promoting the process of apoptosis and causing malformation. The most frequent malformations found in the offspring of mothers with diabetes are heart and neural tube defects, urinary tract and kidney malformations, and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Strict glycemic control should be obtained before and during pregnancy, aiming to avoid or minimize the risk of congenital malformations in the offspring. Beyond hyperglycemia, several factors may also be associated with increased risks of malformations in the offspring of these women, such as obesity, multiple pregnancies, advanced maternal age, folic acid deficiency, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, assisted reproduction techniques, and exposure to different types of environmental pollutants.

ABSTRACT Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) causes maternal and infant morbidity. Periodontitis is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal status, prematurity and associated factors in pregnant women with and without GDM. Subjects and methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 80 pregnant women with GDM (G1 = 40) and without GDM (G2 = 40). Demographic and socioeconomic status, systemic and periodontal health condition, prematurity and newborns’ birth weight were analyzed. For bivariate analysis, Mann-Whitney U-test, t test and Chi-squared test were used. Binary logistic regression analyzed independent variables for periodontitis and prematurity (p < 0.05). Results: Patients from G1 presented lower socioeconomic status, higher weight and body mass index (BMI). Prematurity (G1 = 27.5%; G2 = 2.5%; p < 0.05) and severe periodontitis percentages (G1 = 22.5%; G2 = 0; p = 0.001) were higher in G1 than in G2. Logistic regression analysis showed that household monthly income (OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.48-0.86; p = 0.003) and maternal BMI (adjusted OR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.01-1.25; p = 0.028) were significant predictors of periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy. Presence of GDM remained in the final logistic model related to prematurity (adjusted OR = 14.79; 95% CI 1.80-121.13; p = 0.012). Conclusions: Pregnant women with GDM presented higher severity of periodontitis, lower socioeconomic status, higher overweight/obesity and a 10-fold higher risk of prematurity. Socioeconomic-cultural status and BMI were significant predictors for periodontitis, and GDM was a predictor to prematurity.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between inflammatory cytokines, placental weight, glycated hemoglobin and adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Subjects and methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal and observational study conducted from April 2004 to November 2005 in Bauru, Brazil. Included patients had singleton pregnancies and performed a 100 g OGTT and had the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, TNF alfa and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) determined at 24-28th gestation weeks. Results: A total of 176 patients were included, of whom 78 had the diagnosis of GDM (44.3%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HbA1c, age, body mass index (BMI) and previous history of GDM were independent predictors for GDM diagnosis. ROC curve indicated that HbA1C levels ≥ 5.1% at 24-28 weeks gestation were associated with GDM. No difference was found in IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and CRP serum levels in women with and without GDM. Multivariate analysis showed that placental weight was significantly associated with APOs (p < 0.005), with a cut-off value of 610 grams as demonstrated by the ROC curve. Conclusion: Placental weight ≥ 610 grams and HbA1C ≥ 5.1% were found to be associated with APOs and GDM, respectively, and their evaluation should be part of prenatal care routine.

Resumo O objetivo desta revisão foi verificar dados concernentes sobre a relação existente entre estilo de vida e controle glicêmico em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Os métodos aplicados incluíram estratégia de busca na literatura, seleção dos estudos por meio dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão de acordo com as características dos estudos. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, Cochrame, SciELO e IBECS entre 2005 e 2014. Os artigos selecionados foram estudos em humanos, investigando estilo de vida, atividades físicas e níveis glicêmicos. Dos 1798 estudos identificados inicialmente, 11 atendiam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Dentre os estudos analisados foram relacionados 1 de coorte, 1 longitudinal prospectivo, 1 caso controle e 8 transversais que abordavam o tema proposto. A atividade física regular foi a variável que apresentou maior relação com a melhora nos níveis glicêmicos. Vida ativa saudável, dieta balanceada, atividades físicas e educação em diabetes melhoraram o controle glicêmico do paciente DM1. Os resultados permitem concluir que o estilo de vida pautado em atividades físicas interfere diretamente na saúde do paciente com DM1, inclusive contribuindo para o controle glicêmico.

Abstract The aim of this review was to verify data concerning the relationship between the existent lifestyle and glycemic control in patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM1). The methods applied included the literature search strategy, selection of studies by means of inclusion and exclusion strategies, according to the characteristics of the studies. The search was conducted in the Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, Cochrame, SciELO and IBECS databases between in the period between 2005 and 2014. The articles selected were studies in humans, investing lifestyle, physical activities and glycemic levels. Of the 1798 studies initially identified, 11 met the eligibility criteria. Among the studies analyzed, 1 cohort; 1 longitudinal prospective, 1 case control and 8 transversal studies that approached the proposed theme were related. Regular physical activity was the variable that presented greatest relationship with the improvement in glycemic levels. Healthy active life, balanced diet, physical activities and education in diabetes improved the glycemic control of the DM1 patient. The results allowed the authors to conclude that a lifestyle based on physical activities interfered directly in the health of patients with DM1, in addition to contributing the glycemic control.

Resumo O objetivo desta revisão foi verificar dados concernentes sobre a relação existente entre estilo de vida e controle glicêmico em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Os métodos aplicados incluíram estratégia de busca na literatura, seleção dos estudos por meio dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão de acordo com as características dos estudos. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, Cochrame, SciELO e IBECS entre 2005 e 2014. Os artigos selecionados foram estudos em humanos, investigando estilo de vida, atividades físicas e níveis glicêmicos. Dos 1798 estudos identificados inicialmente, 11 atendiam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Dentre os estudos analisados foram relacionados 1 de coorte, 1 longitudinal prospectivo, 1 caso controle e 8 transversais que abordavam o tema proposto. A atividade física regular foi a variável que apresentou maior relação com a melhora nos níveis glicêmicos. Vida ativa saudável, dieta balanceada, atividades físicas e educação em diabetes melhoraram o controle glicêmico do paciente DM1. Os resultados permitem concluir que o estilo de vida pautado em atividades físicas interfere diretamente na saúde do paciente com DM1, inclusive contribuindo para o controle glicêmico.

Abstract The aim of this review was to verify data concerning the relationship between the existent lifestyle and glycemic control in patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM1). The methods applied included the literature search strategy, selection of studies by means of inclusion and exclusion strategies, according to the characteristics of the studies. The search was conducted in the Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, Cochrame, SciELO and IBECS databases between in the period between 2005 and 2014. The articles selected were studies in humans, investing lifestyle, physical activities and glycemic levels. Of the 1798 studies initially identified, 11 met the eligibility criteria. Among the studies analyzed, 1 cohort; 1 longitudinal prospective, 1 case control and 8 transversal studies that approached the proposed theme were related. Regular physical activity was the variable that presented greatest relationship with the improvement in glycemic levels. Healthy active life, balanced diet, physical activities and education in diabetes improved the glycemic control of the DM1 patient. The results allowed the authors to conclude that a lifestyle based on physical activities interfered directly in the health of patients with DM1, in addition to contributing the glycemic control.

Abstract Objective: to assessed the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug abuse in mothers of children with orofacial clefts (OFC). Methods: 325 women who had children (0-3y) with clefts were interviewed. Data regarding type of diabetes, use of legal/illegal drugs during pregnancy, waist girth and fasting blood sugar at the first prenatal consult were collected. Results: twenty seven percent of the women had DM, out of these, 89% had gestational DM, 5,5% type 1 DM and 5,5% type 2 DM. The prevalence of DM in mothers of children with OFC was 27%, it is significantly higher than the average Brazilian population which is 7.6% (p<0.01) (OR=4.5, 95%CI=3.5-5.8). Regarding drug abuse during pregnancy, 32% of the mothers used drugs and a significant positive correlation was observed between drug abuse and the occurrence of clefts and other craniofacial anomalies (p=0.028) (OR=2.87; 95%CI=1.1-7.4). Conclusions: DM and drug abuse during pregnancy increases the risk for OFC and related anomalies and early diagnosis of DM and prevention of drug abuse, especially in pregnant women, should be emphasized.

Resumen Objetivos: esta investigación estableció la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) y el abuso de drogas en madres de niños con malformaciones creaneofaciales (MCF). Métodos: 325 mujeres que tuvieron hijos (0-3 años) con malformaciones fueron entrevistadas. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a: tipo de diabetes; uso de drogas lícitas o ilícitas durante el embarazo; circunferencia de la cintura; y, glucemia en ayunas en la primera consulta prenatal. Resultados: el veintisiete por ciento de las mujeres tenían DM. Entre estas, el 89% tuvieron DM gestacional, el 5,5% DM tipo 1 y el 5,5% DM tipo 2. La prevalencia de DM en madres de hijos con MCF fue de 27%. Esto es significativamente más alto que el promedio de la población brasileña afectada por esa enfermedad, que es de 7,6% (p<0.01) (OR=4,5, 95%IC=3,5-5,8). Observando el abuso de drogas durante el embarazo, el 32% de las madres había utilizado drogas y una correlación positiva significativa fue observada entre el abuso de drogas y la ocurrencia de hendiduras y otras malformaciones craneofaciales (p=0,028) (OR=2,87; 95%IC=1,1-7,4). Conclusiones: la DM y el abuso de drogas durante el embarazo aumentan el riesgo de MCF y de anomalías relacionadas; se enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de DM y la prevención del abuso de drogas, especialmente entre las mujeres embarazadas.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e o uso de drogas em mães de crianças com fissuras orofaciais (FOF). Método: 325 mulheres que tiveram filhos (0-3 anos) com fissuras foram entrevistadas. Os dados referentes tipo de diabetes, uso de drogas lícitas / ilícitas durante a gravidez, circunferência abdominal e glicemia em jejum na primeira consulta pré-natal foram coletados. Resultados: vinte e sete por cento das mulheres tinham DM. Destes, 89% tinham DM gestacional, 5,5% DM tipo 1 e 5,5% DM tipo 2. A prevalência de DM em mães de crianças com FOF foi de 27%, significativamente mais elevado que a média da população brasileira que é de 7,6% (p <0,01) (OR = 4,5, IC de 95% = 3,5-5,8). Com relação ao uso de drogas, 32% das mães eram usuárias drogas durante a gravidez e uma correlação positiva foi observada entre o uso de drogas e a ocorrência de FOF e anomalias relacionadas (p = 0,028) (OR = 2,87; IC95% = 1,1-7,4). Conclusões: DM e uso de drogas durante a gravidez aumentam o risco de FOF e anomalias relacionadas e o diagnóstico precoce de DM e a prevenção do uso de drogas, especialmente em mulheres grávidas, devem ser enfatizados.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e o uso de drogas em mães de crianças com fissuras orofaciais (FOF). Método: 325 mulheres que tiveram filhos (0-3 anos) com fissuras foram entrevistadas. Os dados referentes tipo de diabetes, uso de drogas lícitas / ilícitas durante a gravidez, circunferência abdominal e glicemia em jejum na primeira consulta pré-natal foram coletados. Resultados: vinte e sete por cento das mulheres tinham DM. Destes, 89% tinham DM gestacional, 5,5% DM tipo 1 e 5,5% DM tipo 2. A prevalência de DM em mães de crianças com FOF foi de 27%, significativamente mais elevado que a média da população brasileira que é de 7,6% (p <0,01) (OR = 4,5, IC de 95% = 3,5-5,8). Com relação ao uso de drogas, 32% das mães eram usuárias drogas durante a gravidez e uma correlação positiva foi observada entre o uso de drogas e a ocorrência de FOF e anomalias relacionadas (p = 0,028) (OR = 2,87; IC95% = 1,1-7,4). Conclusões: DM e uso de drogas durante a gravidez aumentam o risco de FOF e anomalias relacionadas e o diagnóstico precoce de DM e a prevenção do uso de drogas, especialmente em mulheres grávidas, devem ser enfatizados.

Abstract Objective: to assessed the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug abuse in mothers of children with orofacial clefts (OFC). Methods: 325 women who had children (0-3y) with clefts were interviewed. Data regarding type of diabetes, use of legal/illegal drugs during pregnancy, waist girth and fasting blood sugar at the first prenatal consult were collected. Results: twenty seven percent of the women had DM, out of these, 89% had gestational DM, 5,5% type 1 DM and 5,5% type 2 DM. The prevalence of DM in mothers of children with OFC was 27%, it is significantly higher than the average Brazilian population which is 7.6% (p<0.01) (OR=4.5, 95%CI=3.5-5.8). Regarding drug abuse during pregnancy, 32% of the mothers used drugs and a significant positive correlation was observed between drug abuse and the occurrence of clefts and other craniofacial anomalies (p=0.028) (OR=2.87; 95%CI=1.1-7.4). Conclusions: DM and drug abuse during pregnancy increases the risk for OFC and related anomalies and early diagnosis of DM and prevention of drug abuse, especially in pregnant women, should be emphasized.

Resumen Objetivos: esta investigación estableció la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) y el abuso de drogas en madres de niños con malformaciones creaneofaciales (MCF). Métodos: 325 mujeres que tuvieron hijos (0-3 años) con malformaciones fueron entrevistadas. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a: tipo de diabetes; uso de drogas lícitas o ilícitas durante el embarazo; circunferencia de la cintura; y, glucemia en ayunas en la primera consulta prenatal. Resultados: el veintisiete por ciento de las mujeres tenían DM. Entre estas, el 89% tuvieron DM gestacional, el 5,5% DM tipo 1 y el 5,5% DM tipo 2. La prevalencia de DM en madres de hijos con MCF fue de 27%. Esto es significativamente más alto que el promedio de la población brasileña afectada por esa enfermedad, que es de 7,6% (p<0.01) (OR=4,5, 95%IC=3,5-5,8). Observando el abuso de drogas durante el embarazo, el 32% de las madres había utilizado drogas y una correlación positiva significativa fue observada entre el abuso de drogas y la ocurrencia de hendiduras y otras malformaciones craneofaciales (p=0,028) (OR=2,87; 95%IC=1,1-7,4). Conclusiones: la DM y el abuso de drogas durante el embarazo aumentan el riesgo de MCF y de anomalías relacionadas; se enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de DM y la prevención del abuso de drogas, especialmente entre las mujeres embarazadas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The study included 3180 patients with T1DM (mean age 22 years ± 11.8) who were surveyed while receiving health care from the NBHCS. The mean duration of their diabetes was 10.3 years (± 8.0). The costs of tests and medical procedures, insulin pumps, and supplies for administration, and supplies for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were obtained from national and local health system sources for 2010-2011. Annual direct medical costs were derived by adding the costs of medications, supplies, tests, medical consultations, procedures and hospitalizations over the year preceding the interview. FINDINGS: The average annual direct medical cost per capita was 1319.15 United States dollars (US$). Treatment-related expenditure - US$ 1216.33 per patient per year - represented 92.20% of total direct medical costs. Insulin administration supplies and SMBG (US$ 696.78 per patient per year) accounted for 52.82% of these total costs. Together, medical procedures and haemodialysis accounted for 5.73% (US$ 75.64 per patient per year) of direct medical costs. Consultations accounted for 1.94% of direct medical costs (US$ 25.62 per patient per year). CONCLUSION: Health technologies accounted for most direct medical costs of T1DM. These data can serve to reassess the distribution of resources for managing T1DM in Brazil's public health-care system.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los costes médicos directos de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 (DMT1) para el sistema nacional brasileño de atención sanitaria (NBHCS, según sus siglas en inglés) y cuantificar la contribución de cada componente individual al coste total. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio multicéntrico retrospectivo transversal a nivel nacional entre los años 2008 y 2010 en 28 clínicas públicas de 20 ciudades brasileñas. El estudio incluyó 3180 pacientes con DMT1 (edad media de 22 años ± 11,8), que fueron entrevistados mientras recibían atención sanitaria del NBHCS. La duración media de su diabetes fue de 10,3 años (± 8,0). Los costes de las pruebas y procedimientos médicos, las bombas de insulina y provisiones para la administración, así como suministros para la automonitorización de la glucosa en sangre (AMG) se obtuvieron de las fuentes de los sistemas de salud nacionales y locales para el periodo 2010-2011. Los costes médicos directos anuales se obtuvieron sumando los costes de los medicamentos, suministros, pruebas, consultas y procedimientos médicos y hospitalizaciones durante el año anterior a la entrevista. RESULTADOS: El coste medio directo anual por cápita fue de 1319,15 dólares americanos (US$). Los gastos relacionados con el tratamiento, US$ 1216,33 por paciente y año, representaron el 92,20% del total de los costes médicos directos. Los suministros para la administración de insulina y la AMG (US$ 696,78 por paciente y año) significaron el 52,82% de esos costes totales. En conjunto, los procedimientos médicos y la hemodiálisis representaron el 5,73% (US$ 75,64 por paciente y año) de los costes médicos directos. Las consultas fueron el 1,94% de los costes médicos directos (US$ 25,62 por paciente y año). CONCLUSIÓN: Las tecnologías sanitarias representaron la mayoría de los costes médicos directos de la DMT1. Estos datos pueden servir para volver a examinar la distribución de los recursos para la gestión de la diabetes de tipo 1 en el sistema de salud pública de Brasil.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer les coûts médicaux directs du diabète gras de type 1 (DT1) pour le système de santé national brésilien (SSNB) et quantifier la contribution de chaque composante individuelle au coût total. MÉTHODES: Une étude rétrospective, transversale, multicentrique et à l'échelle nationale a été menée entre 2008 et 2010 dans 28 cliniques publiques de 20 villes brésiliennes. Cette étude incluait 3180 patients atteints de DT1 (moyenne d'âge de 22 ans ± 11,8) qui ont été interrogés alors qu'ils étaient pris en charge par le SSNB. En moyenne, ils étaient atteints par la maladie depuis 10,3 ans (± 8). Les coûts des tests et des interventions médicales, des pompes à insuline et des équipements pour son administration, ainsi que des fournitures pour l'autosurveillance du taux de glycémie (ASTG) ont été obtenus à partir de sources provenant du système de santé national et local sur 2010-2011. Les coûts médicaux directs annuels ont été calculés en ajoutant les coûts des médicaments, des fournitures, des consultations médicales, des interventions et des hospitalisations au cours de l'année précédant l'enquête. RÉSULTATS: La moyenne du coût médical direct annuel par habitant s'élevait à 1319,15 dollars. Les dépenses liées au traitement - 1216,33 dollars par patient et par an -ont représenté 92,20% du total des coûts médicaux directs. L'équipement nécessaire à l'administration d'insuline et à l'ASTG (696,78 dollars par patient et par an) a totalisé 52,82% du total de ces coûts. Dans l'ensemble, les interventions médicales et l'hémodialyse ont représenté 5,73% (75,64 dollars par patient et par an) des coûts médicaux directs, et les consultations ont représenté 1,94% de ces mêmes coûts (25,62 dollars par patient et par an). CONCLUSION: Les technologies de la santé ont constitué la majeure partie des coûts médicaux directs du DT1. Ces données peuvent être utilisées pour réévaluer la distribution des ressources pour la prise en charge du DT1 par le système de santé publique brésilien.

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most commonly known human chronic disorders. The relationship between PD and several systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasingly recognized over the past decades. Objective The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with knowledge concerning the relationship between PD and DM. Many articles have been published in the English and Portuguese literature over the last 50 years examining the relationship between these two chronic diseases. Data interpretation is often confounded by varying definitions of DM, PD and different clinical criteria were applied to determine the prevalence, extent and severity of PD, levels of glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. Methods This paper provides a broad overview of the predominant findings from research conducted using the BBO (Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia), MEDLINE, LILACS and PubMed for Controlled Trials databases, in English and Portuguese languages published from 1960 to October 2012. Primary research reports on investigations of relationships between DM/DM control, PD/periodontal treatment and PD/DM/diabetes-related complications identified relevant papers and meta-analyses published in this period. Results 7This paper describes the relationship between PD and DM and answers the following questions: 1- The effect of DM on PD, 2- The effects of glycemic control on PD and 3- The effects of PD on glycemic control and on diabetes-related complications. Conclusions The scientific evidence reviewed supports diabetes having an adverse effect on periodontal health and PD having an adverse effect on glycemic control and on diabetes-related complications. Further research is needed to clarify these relationships and larger, prospective, controlled trials with ethnically diverse populations are warranted to establish that treating PD can positively influence glycemic control and possibly reduce the burden of diabetes-related complications.

A gravidez afeta tanto o metabolismo materno quanto o fetal e, mesmo em mulheres não diabéticas, apresenta um efeito diabetogênico. Entre as mulheres grávidas, 2% a 14% desenvolvem o diabetes gestacional. A gravidez pode ocorrer também em mulheres já diabéticas, o que pode predispor o feto a muitas alterações na organogênese, restrição de crescimento e a mãe a algumas complicações relacionadas ao diabetes, tais como retinopatia e nefropatia, ou acelerar o curso dessas complicações se já estiverem presentes. Pacientes com diabetes gestacional geralmente iniciam seu tratamento com dieta e mudanças no estilo de vida; porém, quando essas medidas falham em atingir um controle glicêmico adequado, a insulinoterapia deve ser considerada. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais são aconselhadas a iniciar o uso de insulina. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 preexistente devem iniciar um controle glicêmico estrito. Em função do fato de os análogos basais de insulina estarem sendo utilizados muito frequentemente off-label em pacientes grávidas, faz-se necessário avaliar sua segurança e eficácia nessa condição. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar o uso de tais análogos, tanto de ação curta como prolongada, durante a gravidez, para possibilitar médicos clínicos, obstetras e endocrinologistas escolher o melhor regime terapêutico para suas pacientes.

Pregnancy affects both maternal and fetal metabolism, and even in non-diabetic women, it exerts a diabetogenic effect. Among pregnant women, 2% to 14% develop gestational diabetes. Pregnancy can also occur in women with preexisting diabetes, which may predispose the fetus to many alterations in organogenesis, restrict growth, and the mother, to some diabetes-related complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, or to acceleration of the course of these complications, if they are already present. Women with gestational diabetes generally start their treatment with diet and lifestyle changes; when these changes are not enough for optimal glycemic control, insulin therapy must then be considered. Women with type 2 diabetes using oral hypoglycemic agents are advised to change to insulin therapy. Those with preexisting type 1 diabetes should start intensive glycemic control. As basal insulin analogues have frequently been used off-label in pregnant women, there is a need to evaluate their safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to report the use of both short- and long-acting insulin analogues during pregnancy and to enable clinicians, obstetricians, and endocrinologists to choose the best insulin treatment for their patients.

Diabetes Mellitus pode acarretar complicações nos olhos, rins, nervos cranianos, nervos periféricos, ouvidos, etc. A função cognitiva também parece estar prejudicada em indivíduos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus, visto que as estruturas corticais e subcorticais responsáveis por esta função estão prejudicadas em alguns pacientes dependentes de insulina. O potencial cognitivo P300 tem sido usado como um procedimento objetivo para avaliar a função cognitiva cerebral. OBJETIVO: Analisar a sensibilidade do potencial cognitivo P300 para detectar alterações no córtex auditivo decorrentes do Diabetes Mellitus. FORMA DE ESTUDO: coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo 16 indivíduos diabéticos de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 7 a 71 anos, e 17 indivíduos não-diabéticos equiparados quanto ao sexo, idade e limiar auditivo. Os procedimentos de avaliação foram: Audiometria Tonal Liminar (ATL) e potencial cognitivo P300. No grupo diabético foi realizada a medida do valor glicêmico antes da realização do P300. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos na ATL não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante. Foi observado diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, quando analisado a latência do componente P3, medido em Fz. Houve correlação entre a glicemia e a latência e amplitude do P300. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa do potencial cognitivo P300 é um importante procedimento para prevenir e diagnosticar precocemente de alterações neurológicas em indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes Mellitus may lead to alterations in the eyes, kidneys, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, ears etc. The cognitive function also seems to be compromised in subjects presented with Diabetes Mellitus, since the cortical and subcortical structures responsible for this function are hindered in some insulin-dependent patients. The cognitive potential P300 has been used as an objective procedure to assess cerebral cognitive functions. AIM: To analyze the sensitivity of P300 cognitive potential for the detection of alterations on the auditory cortex secondary to Diabetes Mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: transversal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixteen diabetic subjects of both genders aged 7 to 71 years, and seventeen non-diabetic individuals at the same age range participated in this study. The evaluation procedures were pure tone audiometry (PTA) and P300 cognitive potential. Glycemia of the group presented with Diabetes was assessed prior to applying P300. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was shown for PTA results. A statically significant difference was observed between groups when analyzing the latency of P300 component measured in Fz. There was a correlation between glycemia and latency and amplitude of P300. CONCLUSION:The investigation of the cognitive potential of P300 is an important procedure for prevention and early diagnosis of neurological changes in individuals presented with Diabetes Mellitus.